This commit is contained in:
Oskar Orvik 2026-05-14 16:30:19 +02:00
commit 493e127183
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@ -180,10 +180,26 @@ FOC provides faster response times and better load disturbance rejection \cite{j
\section{Research gap}
Despite this progress, limited research has examined the adaptation of open-source motor controllers to LowTech and
repairability constraints. To date, researchers have not addressed the challenge of designing a controller that can
be locally fabricated, repaired with standard components, and secured against unauthorised wireless access requirements
that are critical for decentralised, community-operated fleets.
The literature presented in the previous sections shows that significant work has been carried out on BLDC
motor control strategies, especially for torque ripple reduction, efficiency improvement, and dynamic performance
optimisation. Open-source projects such as VESC also provide high-performance and flexible solutions for electric
mobility systems.
However, most existing works mainly focus on control performance and do not consider low-tech constraints such as
local manufacturing, hardware repairability, or component accessibility. In many existing controllers, the hardware
design remains difficult to reproduce or repair without specialized equipment or advanced electronic knowledge.
In addition, the integration of wireless communication introduces new security concerns. While BLE connectivity
simplifies configuration and monitoring, unauthorized access to controller parameters could create safety risks,
especially for electric cargo bikes operating in public spaces.
To the best of our knowledge, there is currently no open-source motor controller that simultaneously addresses
high-performance control, local manufacturability, repairability, and BLE security for decentralized cargo bike
applications.
This project therefore aims to explore a modular and repair-oriented motor controller architecture compatible
with VESC while remaining adapted to the constraints of the Manufacture Autonome Décentralisée (MAD).
\section{Aim and Research Objectives}
@ -279,7 +295,7 @@ assistance based on system dynamics.
microcontroller.
The initial idea was to make this tile \textit{pluggable} into our
carrier board, similar to an Arduino shield. This would allow :
carrier board, similar to an Arduino shield. This would allow:
\begin{itemize}
\item Easy replacement of the computing core without re-soldering.
\item Modular upgrades of the microcontroller.
@ -525,6 +541,56 @@ where $e_{\text{ref}} = \SI{-0.5}{\meter}$ represents the desired equilibrium of
\subsection{Control Architecture Exploration}
Beyond the standard PI control structure simulated in the previous sections, this project explores a more sophisticated
control law: the Cascaded Loop Architecture. This approach is envisioned as a high-level software enhancement to meet
the robustness and safety requirements inherent to electric cargo mobility. This means that our control law includes two
feedback loops that use two different physical parameters.
The selected cascaded structure is a well-established industry standard, particularly in high-performance motion control
and robotics. Similar architectures are widely employed in Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) and platooning systems,
where a “follower” unit must synchronize its dynamics with a “leader” unit through precise feedback loops.
The proposed approach decomposes the complex task of “cart following” into manageable sub-tasks by nesting control
loops:
\begin{itemize}
\item Outer loop: Position control layer.
Using a linear encoder or distance sensor mounted on the trailers hitch, the system measures the relative
displacement (error) between the bicycle and the cargo cart. This error is processed by a Proportional (P)
Controller. The primary goal of this stage is to translate physical distance into a target velocity setpoint. By
saturating the output of this loop, we can prevent the cargo cart from ever exceeding the bicycles speed, thereby
ensuring it never “pushes” the cyclist.
\item Inner loop: Velocity control layer.
The velocity setpoint generated by the outer loop is fed into this internal layer, the inner loop is responsible for
commanding the motor torque directly to compensate for immediate mechanical disturbances. Because this loop operates
at a higher frequency, it can reject disturbances such as sudden changes in rolling resistance or friction, before
they significantly impact the overall position error.
\end{itemize}
\begin{figure}[!h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{./Figures/Schema_Autom_PIR.pdf}
\caption{Cascaded control architecture for the bicycle-cargo system.}
\label{fig:cascaded-loop}
\end{figure}
Fig.~\ref{fig:cascaded-loop} illustrates the cascade architecture for the dynamics of the cargo cart.
In this scheme, $x_{\text{ref}}$ denotes the desired position of the bicycle, whereas $x$ represents the measured
position of the cargo cart.
An outer Proportional Controller $K_{p,x}$ converts the position error $e_x = x_{\text{ref}} - x$ into a velocity
reference $v_{\text{ref}}$, which serves as the set-point for the inner loop.
The inner Proportional Controller $K_{p,v}$ then transforms the velocity error $e_v = v_{\text{ref}} - v$ into a
torque reference $\tau_{\text{ref}}$.
This command is processed by the motor/actuator block, which delivers the actual torque $\tau$.
The model of the plant maps this torque to velocity $v$, and the integrator $1/s$ reconstructs the position $x$.
The adoption of a cascaded loop architecture offers decisive advantages but comes with disadvantages. This precision
introduces increased complexity: the multiplication of tuning parameters and the requirement for high-resolution
feedback sensors, such as encoders, raise hardware costs and must come with high-performance software. These technical
constraints represent a significant challenge and may raise other issues.
% ******************************** RESULTS **************************************************************************
@ -592,7 +658,7 @@ cargo cart. The motor current measured during these experiments is shown in Fig.
\begin{figure}[!h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{./Figures/Motor_currents.png}
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{./Figures/Motor_currents.pdf}
\caption{Measured motor current under three loading conditions.}
\label{fig:motor-currents}
\end{figure}
@ -684,6 +750,14 @@ The VESC-based FOC PCB requires routing completion and prototype
manufacturing. Once fabricated, the board must be tested under real
operating conditions (varying loads, road profiles, and battery voltage).
\subsection{Control Strategy Enhancement}
Future work includes the implementation and comparison of the PI controller and the cascaded control structure on the
cargo cart, in order to evaluate their performance under different conditions (load variations, road profiles, etc.).
In addition, the lack of direct velocity measurements limited the ability to fully characterise the system dynamics.
Adding a speed measurement or improving state estimation would allow a more complete analysis of the model.
% ******************************** CONCLUSION **************************************************************************
\section{Conclusion/Summary}

View file

@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ sudo su -c "echo 'message' > /dev/rfcomm0"
sudo rfcomm release 0
```
# Après avoir connecé une fois:
# Après être connecté une fois:
```
sudo rfcomm release 0

View file

@ -1,432 +0,0 @@
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